黃頭症

與水生動物疾病召集人陳媺玫副教授聯絡

友善列印

黃頭症

建立日期：

2008/12/22

更新日期：

2012/07/16

作者：

涂堅

中文病名：

黃頭症

英文病名：

Yellowheadl disease

疾病描述：

1.病原概述
病原型別：病毒
病原環境：淡鹹水及海水學名：Okavirus，Yellowhead virus
病名(及俗名)：
最早發現者：
ＯＩＥ狀況：表列(Listed)。
病原摘要：
黃頭病毒（yellowhead virus）是一個 corona-like RNA 病毒，目前歸類在Nidovirales目，桿狀套病毒科(Roniviridae)，淋巴病毒屬(Okavirus) 下。黃頭病毒（基因一型）是黃頭症候群（yellowhead complex）六個基因型中的一個基因型，也是目前已知會引起黃頭病的唯一病原。鰓相關病毒（Gill- associated virus）為基因二型，與其他三至六型是在東非、亞洲及澳洲健康草蝦體內常發現的病毒，基因二至六型極少或根本不會引起疾病。黃頭症候群中六個基因型目前都歸類在Nidovirales目，桿狀套病毒科(family Roniviridae)，淋巴病毒屬(Okavirus) 下。目前有資料顯示六個基因型彼此間會互相基因重組。本病毒離開蝦體後尚可在海水中存活72小時。60oC下15分；30 ppm chlorine均可不活化本病毒。本病毒可在草蝦初代淋巴器官細胞上生長。

人畜共通：非人畜共通傳染病
病原分類
1.病原分類
別名：
命名沿革：
疾病特性：（感染組織及器官：感染路徑、好發組織器官、宿主）
自然感染黃頭病毒的對蝦包括：草蝦black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon)、斑節蝦Kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus) 、白香蕉蝦white banana prawn (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)、白蝦white prawn (Litopenaeus setiferus)、砂蝦red endeavour prawn (Metapenaeus ensis)、mysid shrimp (Palaemon styliferus),、及南極磷蝦Antarctic krill (Euphasia superba)。
人工感染的對蝦包含：虎紋對蝦 brown tiger prawn (Penaeus esculentus) , 太平洋白蝦Pacific white prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei), 太平洋藍蝦Pacific blue prawn (Litopenaues stylirostris), 棕蝦brown prawn (Farfantepenaeus aztecus), 粉紅蝦pink prawn, hopper and brown-spotted prawn (Farfantepenaues duorarum) , 綠尾新對蝦greentail prawn (Metapenaeus bennettae), Sunda river prawn (Machrobrachium sintangene), 鋸齒長臂蝦barred estuarine shrimp (Palaemon serrifer), paste prawn (Ascetes sp.),。實驗室人工感染資料顯示，黃頭病毒可引起草蝦、太平洋白蝦、太平洋藍蝦、棕蝦、粉紅蝦、M. sintangene、 P. styliferus 及鋸齒長臂蝦.大量死亡。

黃頭病毒主要侵害內皮層級中皮層來源的細胞；包括淋巴器官、造血器官、鰓及外殼下的結締組織、腸、綠腺、生殖腺、神經索及神經節。

感染途徑為水平感染，主要為經口食入遭含病毒糞便污染的食物、水或感染的組織。垂直感染亦會發生。

疾病型態及流行病學：（急性或慢性型態、器官傳播、分佈情形）
在澳洲、亞洲及東非的養殖或野生草蝦，整個黃頭症候群（yellowhead complex）的盛行率界於50-100%。各個基因型盛行率則因地理分佈有所不同。目前地理分佈在印度、泰國及越南。
臨床症狀及病理學
臨床症狀。
通常PL15後蝦苗才會開始感染，真正會死亡則出現在幼蝦早期及末期。瀕死蝦出現進食停止，聚集在池邊的水面。身體出現漂白過的顏色，頭胸甲出現黃色的顏色，此乃因為其下變軟的肝胰腺造成。通常三四天內蝦會全部死亡。但以上並非特異性症狀。
組織病理學檢查
可在淋巴器官、造血器官、鰓及外殼下的結締組織、腸、綠腺、生殖腺、神經索及神經節發現中等至大量，均質深染嗜鹼性，橢圓形大小為2 µm或更小的質內包涵體。其中淋巴器官、胃#(F35)#的基丁質下組織及鰓三者最一觀察到此種病變。
病原致病性意義：（實際魚場及田間發病、抗藥性等情形）
黃頭病在出現臨床症狀3天後，會引起草蝦近乎100%死亡率。在澳洲GAV則曾引起過草蝦近乎80%死亡率。泰國政府1996年估計，在1992年因黃頭病損失美金三千萬，1993年則損失四千萬。

診斷方法：

一級初步診斷：無
二級初步診斷：組織病理學
三級初步診斷：電子顯微鏡檢查
一級確定診斷：無
二級確定診斷：組織病理學特徵
三級確定診斷：以RT-PCR增幅、定序及基因庫比對
RT-PCR引子序列（產物135 bp）：
10F: 5'-CCG-CTA-ATT-TCA-AAA-ACT-ACG-3
144R: 5'-AAG-GTG-TTA-TGT-CGA-GGA-AGT-3'
RT-PCR反應液：
將2 µl RNA加入20 µl of PCR反應液 (10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl) 內含 2.5 U of M-MLV (Moloney murine leukaemia virus) reverse transcriptase, 1.0 U of ribonuclease inhibitor, 0.75 µM of antisense primer (144R), 1 mM each of dATP, dTTP, dCTP, and dGTP, and 5 mM of MgCl2, and incubate at 42°C for 15 minutes 合成 cDNA.。100°C 加熱 5 minutes，並冷卻至5°C。然後加入最終體積為100µl.PCR反應液內含1 x PCR mixture (10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl) ，2.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus), ，2 mM MgCl2 及 0.75 µM of sense primer (10F)。
RT-PCR反應條件：
40循環（94°C for 30 seconds, 58°C for 30 seconds, 72°C for 30 seconds），,最後 72°C再加熱 10 minutes。

治療方法：

無

預防控制方法：

詳細討論疫苗發展現況及飼養管理控制現況
1.避免引進污染的蝦苗及種蝦飼養。

相關圖片：

參考文獻：

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參考連結：

1 . http://library.enaca.org/Health/FieldGuide/html/cv010yhd.htm

2 . http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/aahm/2010/2.2.07_YHD.pdf

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